Устойчивое человеческое развитие как основной вектор социально-экономических трансформаций в ХХI веке

У статті, на основі аналізу останніх наукових досліджень, автор намагається визначити сутність терміну сталий людський розвиток, його принципову відмінність від сучасних стратегій розвитку. Проведене дослідження доводить значну роль досягнення аллокативної ефективності у виробництві для стабілізації людського розвитку.The purpose of this article is a comprehensive study of the problems of sustainable human development and its role in the socio-economic transformation of the XXI century. The article determined that sustainable human development is a process of empowerment for the benefit of future generations on the basis of mutually agreed development of society and nature, which is achieved by reaching alloсatyve efficiency. Thus, allocative efficiency means optimal use of scarce resources, allowing minimize costs of production the set of goods and services that most fully meet the needs of people and ensures minimization of negative impact on nature. The research leads us to conclude that increased demand for saving of the environment (environmental goods and services, resource-saving technologies and knowledge for sustainable development, etc.) largely ensure sustainability of the processes of human development. Despite generally accepted opinion, it is the human ultimately by its behavior directs vector of social development. And as long as the vast majority of people do not realize their personal role in the social transformation of the XXI century sustainable human development cannot take place. So the prospects for further research problems of sustainable human development must relate to such strategically important issues as increasing consumption culture, the development of resource-saving technologies and on that basis providing allocative efficiency in the production of goods and services, the formation of a new type of human — a person whose main values are freedom, responsibility and justice.В статье на основе анализа последних исследований и публикаций, автор пытается определить сущность термина устойчивое человеческое развитие, его принципиальное отличие от современных стратегий развития. Проведенное исследование доказывает значительную роль достижения аллокативной эффективности в производстве для стабилизации человеческого развития

Glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and theta 1 (GSTT1) genetic polymorphisms and atopic asthma in children from Southeastern Brazil

Xenobiotics can trigger degranulation of eosinophils and mast cells. In this process, the cells release several substances leading to bronchial hyperactivity, the main feature of atopic asthma (AA). GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes encode enzymes involved in the inactivation of these compounds. Both genes are polymorphic in humans and have a null variant genotype in which both the gene and corresponding enzyme are absent. An increased risk for disease in individuals with the null GST genotypes is therefore, but this issue is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes on the occurrence of AA, as well as on its clinical manifestations. Genomic DNA from 86 patients and 258 controls was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype in patients was higher than that found in controls (60.5% versus 40.3%, p = 0.002). In individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype the risk of manifested AA was 2.3-fold higher (95%CI: 1.4-3.7) than for others. In contrast, similar frequencies of GSTT1 null and combined GSTM1 plus GSTT1 null genotypes were seen in both groups. No differences in genotype frequencies were perceived in patients stratified by age, gender, ethnic origin, and severity of the disease. These results suggest that the inherited absence of the GSTM1 metabolic pathway may alter the risk of AA in southeastern Brazilian children, although this must be confirmed by further studies with a larger cohort of patients and age-matched controls from the distinct regions of the country

CHANGES OF RUSSIAN STUDENTS' VALUE ORIENTATIONS DURING EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN RUSSIA

This article examines how a student's value structure changed during the last 8 years after the reforms in education in Russia began. In recent years the educational system has undergone significant changes almost in every field. The high school graduation and preliminary examinations in universities were transformed into the Unified State Exam. New learning standards define specific methods of training and aims of education. In our survey we measured 10 value types with Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire (translated into Russian and adapted by Karandashev V.N.) among students in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2016. Students in 2008 were trained at school according to the previous learning standards. They were not affected by educational reforms. Students in 2010 were the first obliged to take the Unified State Exam. Students in 2012 were trained to meet the requirements of the Unified State Exam. Students in 2016 were studying according to new learning standards in high school. In order to evaluate differences between samples a KruskalWallis H-test and a Mann-Whitney U-test were performed. Results indicate that values Power and Tradition differ from one year to another. The highest results in Tradition value type were observed in 2012. It lost its importance significantly among students in 2016. Power value type was more important for students in 2010. Though there is a trend of its increasing significance in 2016. Groups of Students in 2008 and in 2016 had similar value orientation profiles. The greatest number of differences was observed between students in 2010 and 2012. The last were more focused on Conformity, Tradition and Security and less focused on Achievement and Power. The most intriguing fact was that there were no significant changes detected among females. Among males we observed differences in Conformity, Tradition and Conservation. The highest results were among male students interviewed in 2012. We can conclude that motivational orientation toward Self-Enhancement increased in 2010 and than declined. Motivational orientation toward Conservation orientation had its highest rating among students in 2012. As for orientations toward Openness to change and Self-Transcendence, they did not change through these years. The obtained data showed that the personal value system changed through the reform period. The changes were quantitative rather than qualitative

CHANGES OF RUSSIAN STUDENTS' VALUE ORIENTATIONS DURING EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN RUSSIA

This article examines how a student's value structure changed during the last 8 years after the reforms in education in Russia began. In recent years the educational system has undergone significant changes almost in every field. The high school graduation and preliminary examinations in universities were transformed into the Unified State Exam. New learning standards define specific methods of training and aims of education. In our survey we measured 10 value types with Schwartz Portrait Value Questionnaire (translated into Russian and adapted by Karandashev V.N.) among students in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2016. Students in 2008 were trained at school according to the previous learning standards. They were not affected by educational reforms. Students in 2010 were the first obliged to take the Unified State Exam. Students in 2012 were trained to meet the requirements of the Unified State Exam. Students in 2016 were studying according to new learning standards in high school. In order to evaluate differences between samples a KruskalWallis H-test and a Mann-Whitney U-test were performed. Results indicate that values Power and Tradition differ from one year to another. The highest results in Tradition value type were observed in 2012. It lost its importance significantly among students in 2016. Power value type was more important for students in 2010. Though there is a trend of its increasing significance in 2016. Groups of Students in 2008 and in 2016 had similar value orientation profiles. The greatest number of differences was observed between students in 2010 and 2012. The last were more focused on Conformity, Tradition and Security and less focused on Achievement and Power. The most intriguing fact was that there were no significant changes detected among females. Among males we observed differences in Conformity, Tradition and Conservation. The highest results were among male students interviewed in 2012. We can conclude that motivational orientation toward Self-Enhancement increased in 2010 and than declined. Motivational orientation toward Conservation orientation had its highest rating among students in 2012. As for orientations toward Openness to change and Self-Transcendence, they did not change through these years. The obtained data showed that the personal value system changed through the reform period. The changes were quantitative rather than qualitative

CLAY CONSTRUCTION COMPOSITES BASED ON CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED RAW MATERIALS AND ORGANIC CONNECTORS

Objectives. The aim of this work is to study the theoretical aspects and technological possibilities of chemical activation and modification of organic clay raw materials of the Volga region in organic additives to obtain composite building materials based on previous work on the development of clay cement composites.Method. In connection with the high physicochemical activity of clay and cement with respect to organic additives and mineral salts, expressed in the high adsorption activity and sensitivity of hydration processes, studies of the structure of clay were studied separately from cement. To determine the change in pH value of suspensions from clay and clay cement raw materials, the role of the influence of ECA products of treatment of aqueous-salt solutions of sodium chloride and ACF resin was studied.Result. The results of the tests showed that by changing the pH values of the clay cement samples by the products of electrochemical activation of water-salt solutions, it is possible to actively influence the active centers of the surface of clay particles. The adsorption and capacity of the cation exchange of clay raw materials are reduced when they are modified with acetone formaldehyde resin.Conclusion. The studies carried out to study the structure formation and the nature of the effect of the pH of the system environment on the process of the condensation of the ACF resin create the prerequisites for further research in the field of soil consolidation, their stabilization and enhance-ment of operational parameters